Families and political organisations say those reported missing include land-rights activists, opposition party members and residents who have spoken out against forced evictions in Kigali.
In several cases, relatives and associates suspect the involvement of security forces. The authorities have yet to provide public explanations for the whereabouts of the missing.
The allegations come amid sustained international scrutiny of Rwanda’s human-rights record. Government critics accuse the authorities of using surveillance, arbitrary detention and enforced disappearances to silence dissent.
Jean de Dieu Ihorahabona, an activist who helped residents challenge their displacement from Kigali’s Kangondo and Kibiraro neighbourhoods, disappeared in February while travelling to visit his child at school.
According to witnesses cited by his family, two uniformed police officers stopped the vehicle in which Ihorahabona was travelling on Sunday, 1 February. The officers allegedly forced him out, placed him in a civilian vehicle and drove away.
His elder brother, Kalisa, told the BBC that he had arranged to meet Ihorahabona after his visit to his daughter’s school in Rulindo District, north of Kigali. When Ihorahabona failed to arrive and could no longer be reached by phone, Kalisa became alarmed.
“Given the situation in the past and the fact that he was already being closely monitored by intelligence agents, I immediately became worried,” he said. “Normally, his phones are never switched off… So I immediately thought that they had kidnapped my brother.”
Ihorahabona and other residents had filed a legal case against the state over their displacement. The residents maintain that the demolitions and relocations were unlawful and that compensation offered by the authorities was inadequate.
According to Kalisa, Ihorahabona was due to appear before the Office of the Ombudsman to provide information about resettlement plots that had allegedly been seized by officials.
For roughly two years before his disappearance, Ihorahabona had reportedly told relatives and colleagues that he was being followed and threatened by people pressuring him to withdraw the case.
“Ihorahabona is someone who, when he is convinced that he has discovered an injustice, cannot accept being prevented from denouncing it, no matter what is done to silence him,” Kalisa told the BBC.
The dispute over Kangondo and Kibiraro has continued since 2017.
Residents say authorities began demolishing homes in 2020 before forcibly relocating people in 2022. The East African Report contacted the Rwanda National Police and the Rwanda Investigation Bureau for comment on Ihorahabona’s disappearance. Neither institution had responded by the time of publication.
PS Imberakuri member Goes Missing After Criticising Kigali Home Demolitions
Twagiramariya Josephine, a member of the opposition PS Imberakuri party and a married mother of two, disappeared on 26 June while travelling to work in Kigali. She did not return home.
A source close to her family, speaking on condition of anonymity, said that Twagiramariya was allegedly abducted by security personnel travelling in a Toyota Vigo while she was on her way home.
Umwali Annalithe, a pseudonym used for security reasons, said she had previously worked with Twagiramariya in Kigali. According to Annalithe, her disappearance may be linked to interviews she had recently given to the media, in which she criticised the demolition of homes in Kigali.
Twagiramariya had reportedly described the demolitions as a source of severe hardship and injustice for affected residents. She and other residents whose homes had been demolished also rejected an offer of 90,000 Rwandan francs in rental assistance, arguing that the amount did not adequately reflect the value of the homes they had lost.
“She left for work and did not return home,” Bernard Ntaganda, founding president of PS Imberakuri, toldReport after the party learned of her disappearance. “We are still trying to contact the security authorities so that they can tell us where she is, because a person cannot simply disappear like a needle.”
“We cannot remain silent or accept that such abuses continue in our country, where people are subjected to persecution or forcibly disappear simply because of their political Opinions.” he said.
The East African Report’s investigation found that Twagiramariya had links to individuals associated with Rwanda’s former regime. According to the investigation, she was reportedly connected to Nsabimana Castar, who served as a chief of staff in the former Ex-FAR armed forces under the government of Juvénal Habyarimana.
Twagiramariya was also reportedly the daughter of Ufitimana Ignace, a former employee of MINITRAP, the Ministry of Public Works and Infrastructure.
Ufitimana disappeared in 1999 and was later reported to have died under circumstances that remain unclear.
The whereabouts of Twagiramariya Josephine, a member of the PS Imberakuri party, have remained unknown since her disappearance.
Nearly 30 people reported missing
During the United Nations Universal Periodic Review in 2026, it was reported that approximately 30 people had gone missing in Rwanda between 2025 and 2026.
The Rwandan government has rejected allegations that it is responsible for abductions and disappearances.
Officials have cited several possible explanations, including unregistered movement from rural areas to cities, illegal border crossings, extended stays abroad, debt, marital disputes and people leaving the country to join rebel groups in neighbouring states.
For the families of those who have disappeared, the central question remains unanswered: where are their relatives, and who will be held responsible if they have been harmed?
Until the authorities provide credible information and conduct transparent investigations, each new disappearance adds to a growing pattern of fear and impunity.
©𝐄𝐚𝐬𝐭 𝐀𝐟𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐧 𝐑𝐞𝐩𝐨𝐫𝐭 /𝐑𝐚𝐝𝐢𝐨/𝐓𝐕
